All the data and information provided on our website has been properly sourced and referenced. This page includes all the references and sources we used to write our articles in alphabetical order. You may consult them all here.

 

Abilify

  1. Shayna Posses (June 27, 2016). Send Abilify Compulsive Gambling Suits To Fla.: Consumers. Law360.
  2. Miley et al v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company et al
  3. United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation. IN RE: Abilify® (Aripiprazole) Products Liability Litigation, MDL No. 2734
  4. United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation. Report Date: 11/15/2016. MDL Statistics Report – Distribution of Pending MDL Dockets by District. (Accessed November 2016)
  5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). May 5, 2016. Aripiprazole (Abilify, Abilify Maintena, Aristada): Drug Safety Communication – FDA Warns About New Impulse-control Problems. (Accessed October 2016)
  6. ÜÇOK A, GAEBEL W. Side effects of atypical antipsychotics: a brief overview. World Psychiatry. 2008;7(1):58-62.
  7. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about new impulse-control problems associated with mental health drug aripiprazole (Abilify, Abilify Maintena, Aristada), www.fda.gov.
  8. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Aripiprazole (Abilify, Abilify Maintena, Aristada): Drug Safety Communication – FDA Warns About New Impulse-control Problems (Abilify, Abilify Maintena, Aristada), www.fda.gov.
  9. Moore TJ, et al. Reports of Pathological Gambling, Hypersexuality, and Compulsive Shopping Associated With Dopamine Receptor Agonist Drugs. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(12):1930-1933. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5262
  10. “Abilify”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  11. Baker RA, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and diabetes mellitus in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event database: a systematic Bayesian signal detection analysis. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2009;42(1):11-31.
  12. Jordan S, et al. “The antipsychotic aripiprazole is a potent, partial agonist at the human 5-HT1A receptor“. Eur J Pharmacol 441 (3): 137–140. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01532-7.
  13. Gaboriau, et al. Aripiprazole: A new risk factor for pathological gambling? A report of 8 case reports. Addictive Behaviors, Volume 39, Issue 3, Pages 562-565
  14. Risk of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents Exposed to Antipsychotics: A Nationwide 12-Year Case-Control Study
    Nielsen, René Ernst et al. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , Volume 53 , Issue 9 , 971 – 979.e6
  15. Bobo WV, Cooper WO, Stein CM, Olfson M, Graham D, Daugherty J, Fuchs DC, Ray WA. Antipsychotics and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Youth. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(10):1067–1075.
  16. Andrade SE, Lo JC, Roblin D, Fouayzi H, Connor DF, Penfold RB, Chandra M, Reed G, Gurwitz JH. Antipsychotic medication use among children and risk of diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2011 Dec;128(6):1135-41. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0855. Epub 2011 Nov 21.
  17. William V. Bobo, et al. Antipsychotics and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Youth. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(10):1067-1075. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2053
  18. Olfson M, King M, Schoenbaum M. Treatment of Young People With Antipsychotic Medications in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(9):867-874. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0500
  19. Alexander, G. Caleb et al. “INCREASING OFF-LABEL USE OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1995-2008.” Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 20.2 (2011): 177–184. PMC. Web. 9 Mar. 2016.
  20. Art Levine. (December 12, 2014). Abilify Is Top-Selling U.S. Drug — But New Reports Question Long-Term Antipsychotic Use, Cite Need for Personalized Services. The Huffington Post. (Accessed October 2016)
  21. Jane Akre. $8.2 Judgment Against Parkinson’s Drug Mirapex. Northwest Parkinson’s Foundation. August 06, 2008. (Accessed September 2016)
  22. Cheyenne Beth Confer against Bristol-Myers Squibb and Otsuka American Pharmaceutical Inc. Case 1:14-cv-06868-LLS Document 1-1 Filed 08/25/14
  23. Department of Justice. (2007). Bristol-Myers Squibb to pay more than $515 million to resolve allegations of illegal drug marketing and pricing. (Accessed November 2016)
  24. Schlachetski, J. et al. Aripiprazole induced hypersexuality in a 24-year-old female patient with schizoaffective disorder? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology: October 2008 – Volume 28 – Issue 5 – pp 567-568 doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31818582de
  25. Hartung DM, et al. Use of administrative data to identify off-label use of second-generation antipsychotics in a Medicaid population. Psychiatr Serv. 2013 Dec 1;64(12):1236-42. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.005482012.
  26. Richard A. Friedman. (September 24, 2012). A Call for Caution on Antipsychotic Drugs. New York Times.
  27. Tsai AC, et al. Aripiprazole in the Maintenance Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Critical Review of the Evidence and Its Dissemination into the Scientific Literature. PLoS Med 8(5): e1000434. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000434
  28. United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation. In Re: Abilify (aripirazole) Products liability litigation. Case MDL No. 2734 Document 55 Filed 10/03/16
  29. Abilify – U.S. Full prescribing information. (Accessed November 2016)
  30. Neil Smith, et al. Pathological gambling and the treatment of psychosis with aripiprazole: case reports. The British Journal of Psychiatry Jul 2011, 199 (2) 158-159; DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084996
  31. Roxanas, M.G. . Pathological Gambling and Compulsive Eating Associated with Aripiprazole. Aust N Z J Psychiatry March 2010 44: 291.
  32. Spielmans GI, et al. Adjunctive Atypical Antipsychotic Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Depression, Quality of Life, and Safety Outcomes. PLoS Med 10(3): e1001403. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001403

Actemra

  1. Charles Piller, June 5, 2017. Failure to warn: Hundreds died while taking an arthritis drug, but nobody alerted patients. STAT. Retrieved from: https://www.statnews.com/2017/06/05/actemra-rheumatoid-arthritis-fda/ (Accessed July 2017)
  2. Okuda Y. Review of tocilizumab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Biologics : Targets & Therapy. 2008;2(1):75-82.
  3. Tansey EM, Catterall PP. “Monoclonal antibodies: a witness seminar in contemporary medical history”. Med Hist. 38 (3): 322–7. PMC 1036884
  4. Keown, A., (07 June 2017), Hundreds of Deaths Linked to Actemra, Pharmalive. Retrieved from: http://www.pharmalive.com/hundreds-of-patient-deaths-linked-to-roches-ra-drug-actemra/ (Accessed July 2017)
  5. Nishimoto N, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, in monotherapy, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (the STREAM study): evidence of safety and efficacy in a 5-year extension study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2009;68(10):1580-1584. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.092866.

Alere INRatio

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Alere Initiates Voluntary URGENT CORRECTION for Use of Alere INRatio® and INRatio®2 PT/INR Monitor System. www.fda.gov (Accessed July 2016).
  2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Alere San Diego Inc., Alere INRatio and INRatio2 PT/INR Monitor System (Professional and Prescription Home Use) – Falsely Low INR Test Results. www.fda.gov (Accessed August 2016).
  3. Gardiner, C., Williams, K., Mackie, I.J., Machin, S.J., Cohen, H. (2005). Patient self-testing is a reliable and acceptable alternative to laboratory INR monitoring. Br J Haematol 128, 242–247.
  4. Piazza, G., Nguyen, T. N., Cios, D., Labreche, M., Hohlfelder, B., Fanikos, J., Fiumara, K., Goldhaber, S. Z. (2011). Anticoagulation-associated adverse drug events. The American Journal of Medicine, 124 (12), 1136–1142.
  5. Heneghan C, Ward A, Perera R, et al. Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2012;379:322-334.
  6. Fritsma, George A. (2002). “Evaluation of Hemostasis.” Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications . Ed. Bernadette Rodak. W.B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia, 2002. 719-53. Print

Benicar

  1. Benicar® Full Prescribing Information. (Accessed January 2016)
  2. Izzo JL Jr, Neutel JM, Silfani T, Dubiel R, Walker F. Efficacy and safety of treating stage 2 systolic hypertension with olmesartan and olmesartan/HCTZ: results of an open-label titration study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9;36-44
  3. U.S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). Olmesartan (marketed as Benicar) Information. (Accessed January 2016).
  4. U.S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA approves label changes to include intestinal problems (sprue-like enteropathy) linked to blood pressure medicine olmesartan medoxomil. (Accessed January 2016).
  5. De Petris G, Caldero SG, Chen L, et al. (May 2014). “Histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract due to medications: an update for the surgical pathologist (part II of II)”. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. 22 (3): 202–11.doi:10.1177/1066896913502230
  6. Rubio-Tapia A, Herman ML, Ludvigsson JF, et al. Severe spruelike enteropathy associated with olmesartan. Mayo Clin Proc 2012;87:732-8.
  7. DeGaetani M, Tennyson CA, Lebwohl B, et al. Villous atrophy and negative celiac serology: A diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:647-53.
  8. Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA). Olmesartan – Riassunto delle caratteristiche del prodotto. (Accessed January 2016)
  9. Sanford ML, Nagel AK. A Review of Current Evidence of Olmesartan Medoxomil Mimicking Symptoms of Celiac Disease. J Pharm Pract. 2014 Mar 28.
  10. Marietta, E. V., Nadeau, A. M., Cartee, A. K., Singh, I., Rishi, A., Choung, R. S., Wu, T.-T., Rubio-Tapia, A. and Murray, J. A. (2015), Immunopathogenesis of olmesartan-associated enteropathy. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 42: 1303–1314. doi: 10.1111/apt.13413
  11. Hünseler, C; Paneitz, A; Friedrich, D; Lindner, U; Oberthuer, A; Körber, F; Schmitt, K; Welzing, L; Müller, A; Herkenrath, P; Hoppe, B; Gortner, L; Roth, B; Kattner, E; Schaible, T (Jan 2011). “Angiotensin II receptor blocker induced fetopathy: 7 cases”. Klin Padiatr 223 (1): 10–4. doi:1055/s-0030-1269895
  12. Yasuhiko Sakata, Nobuyuki Shiba, et al.Clinical impacts of additive use of olmesartan in hypertensive patients with chronic heart failure: the supplemental benefit of an angiotensin receptor blocker in hypertensive patients with stable heart failure using olmesartan (SUPPORT) trial. European Heart Journal Apr 2015, 36 (15) 915-923; DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu504
  13. Imai E, Chan JC, Ito S, et al. Effects of olmesartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes with overt nephropathy: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 2978-86.
  14. Zhou EH, Gelperin K, Levenson MS, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or death in patients initiating olmesartan or other angiotensin receptor blockers – a cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Pharmacepidemiol Drug Saf 2014; 23: 340-7.
  15. S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES – Daiichi Sankyo Warning Letter 2007.(Accessed January 2016)
  16. S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES – Daiichi Sankyo Warning Letter 2013.(Accessed January 2016)
  17. Ranbaxy pleads guilty, to pay $500 mln in settlement.http://in.reuters.com/article/ranbaxy-settlement-felony-usa-idINDEE94C0DA20130513 (Accessed January 2016)
  18. Forest Laboratories. (2014, March 31). Form 10-K. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. (Accessed January 2016)
  19. Forest Laboratories. (2014, February 6). Form 10-Q. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. (Accessed January 2016)
  20. Van Zwieten PA. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (AT1-blockers, ARBs, sartans): similarities and differences. Netherlands Heart Journal. 2006;14(11):381-387.
  21. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Report From the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507-520. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284427.
  22. Benicar HCT® Full Prescribing Information. (Accessed January 2016)
  23. Azor HCT® Full Prescribing Information. (Accessed January 2016)
  24. Tribenzor HCT® Full Prescribing Information. (Accessed January 2016).
  25. Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR (April 2009). “Coeliac disease“. Lancet 373 (9673): 1480–93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60254-3. PMID 19394538.
  26. Tran TH, Li H. Olmesartan and Drug-Induced Enteropathy. Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2014;39(1):47-50.
  27. Marietta, E. V., Nadeau, A. M., Cartee, A. K., Singh, I., Rishi, A., Choung, R. S., Wu, T.-T., Rubio-Tapia, A. and Murray, J. A. (2015), Immunopathogenesis of olmesartan-associated enteropathy. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 42: 1303–1314. doi: 10.1111/apt.13413
  28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). High Blood Pressure. (Accessed February 2016).
  29. Perunicic-Pekovic G, Pljesa S, Rasic-Milutinovic Z, Stankovic S, Ilic M, Maletic R. Inflammatory cytokines and malnutrition as related to risk for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008 Apr;86(4):205-9. doi: 10.1139/Y08-018.
  30. Roberto Pecoits-Filho, Bengt Lindholm, Peter Stenvinkel. The malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome – the heart of the matter. Nephrol Dial Transplant (2002) 17 [Suppl 11]: 28– 31
  31. Tuttolomondo A, Di Raimondo D, Pecoraro R, Arnao V, Pinto A, Licata G.Atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(28):4266-88.
  32. American College of Cardiology, news release, March 29, 2014
  33. L. Emilsson; R. Carlsson; M. Holmqvist; S. James; J. F. Ludvigsson. The Characterisation and Risk Factors of Ischaemic Heart Disease in Patients With Coeliac Disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37(9):905-914.

Breast Implants

  1. Rexina Mize et al v. Mentor Worldwide LLC et al. Case Number CV 17-1747 DMG (KSx).
  2. Loftus v. Allergan, Inc., et al. U.S. District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia case number: 2:17-cv-01430
  3. Jef Feeley and Edvard Pettersson (February 3, 2017). Johnson & Johnson Unit Sued Over Leaking Breast Implants. Bloomberg.
  4. Stephanie Saul (November 18, 2006). F.D.A. Will Allow Breast Implants Made of Silicone. The New York Times.
  5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Mentor MemoryGel (Premarket application number: P030053) (Approved November 2006). www.fda.gov
  6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Breast Implants: Update – Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). www.fda.gov
  7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Medical Device Reports of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. www.fda.gov
  8. Hölmich LR, et al. Untreated silicone breast implant rupture. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004 Jul;114(1):204-14; discussion 215-6.

Bravelle

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Bravelle Full Prescribing Information. Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/21484_Bravelle_lbl.pdf
  2. Van Wely, M, et al. Urofollitropin and ovulation induction. Treatments in endocrinology. 4 (3): 155–165
  3. E. Lenton, et al. Induction of ovulation in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques: recombinant human FSH (follitropin alpha) versus highly purified urinary FSH (urofollitropin HP)., in Hum Reprod, vol. 15, nº 5, Mag 2000, pp. 1021-7
  4. M. van Wely, C, et al. Urofollitropin and ovulation induction., in Treat Endocrinol, vol. 4, nº 3, 2005, pp. 155-65, PMID 15898821
  5. Ferring Pharmaceuticals. Bravelle Patient Reimbursement Program Information. Retrieved from: http://bravellereimbursement.com/
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Infertility – Reproductive Health. www.cdc.gov (Accessed August 2016)
  7. C. Butticè, February 23, 2016. Coping with infertility – The hardships of conceiving a baby. MedsNews (Accessed September 2016)
  8. CTV News, B.C. couple launches class-action lawsuit over ineffective fertility drug. February 16, 2016. CTVNews.ca (Accessed September 2016)

Concerta

  1. Ritalin® hydrochloride methylphenidate hydrochloride USP tablets. Full prescribing information. (Accessed June 2016)
  2. CONCERTA® (methylphenidate HCl) Extended-release Tablets CII. Full prescribing information. (Accessed August 2016)
  3. Hedi Schelleman, Warren B. Bilker, et al. ”Methylphenidate and Risk of Serious Cardiovascular Events in Adults,” American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 169, No. 2, February 1, 2012.
  4. Kimko, HC; Cross, JT; Abernethy, DR (December 1999). “Pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of methylphenidate.”. Clinical pharmacokinetics 37 (6): 457–70.
  5. U.S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). News & Events. FDA Directs ADHD Drug Manufacturers to Notify Patients about Cardiovascular Adverse Events and Psychiatric Adverse Events. www.fda.gov (Accessed August 2016)
  6. U.S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns of rare risk of long-lasting erections in males taking methylphenidate ADHD medications and has approved label changes. www.fda.gov (Accessed August 2016)
  7. Volkow ND, Ding YS, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Logan J, Gatley JS, Dewey S, Ashby C, Liebermann J, Hitzemann R, et al. Is methylphenidate like cocaine? Studies on their pharmacokinetics and distribution in the human brain. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;52(6):456-63.
  8. McCarthy S, Cranswick N, Potts L, Taylor E, Wong IC. Mortality associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drug treatment: a retrospective cohort study of children, adolescents and young adults using the general practice research database. Drug Saf. 2009;32(11):1089-96. doi: 10.2165/11317630-000000000-00000.
  9. Safer DJ, Zito JM, Fine EM. Pediatrics. Increased methylphenidate usage for attention deficit disorder in the 1990s. 1996 Dec;98(6 Pt 1):1084-8
  10. C. Butticè. Vyvanse and Adderall: a monstrosity sold to our children. September 24, 2016. Meds News. (Accessed August 2016)
  11. Epstein-Ngo QM, McCabe SE2 Veliz PT, Stoddard SA, Austic EA, Boyd CJ. “Diversion of ADHD Stimulants and Victimization Among Adolescents.” J Pediatr Psychol. 2015 Nov 19. pii: jsv105
  12. David Bruser, Jesse McLean. March 30, 2015. Health Canada issues “stronger, clearer” warnings about suicide risks linked to ADHD drugs. thestar.com
  13. Manor I, Gutnik I, Ben-Dor DH, Apter A, Sever J, Tyano S, Weizman A, Zalsman G.Possible association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attempted suicide in adolescents – a pilot study. Eur Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;25(3):146-50. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.06.001. Epub 2009 Aug 20.
  14. The United States Department of Justice. September 24, 2014. Shire Pharmaceuticals LLC to Pay $56.5 Million to Resolve False Claims Act Allegations Relating to Drug Marketing and Promotion Practices. www.justice.gov (Accessed July 2016)
  15. National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. DrugFacts: Stimulant ADHD Medications: Methylphenidate and Amphetamines. January 2014. www.drugabuse.gov (Accessed July 2016).
  16. Trenque T, Herlem E, Abou Taam M, Drame M. Methylphenidate off-label use and safety. Springerplus. 2014 Jun 7;3:286. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-286. eCollection 2014.
  17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – Data and Statistics. cdc.gov (Accessed May 2016)

E-cigarettes

  1. U.S. Fire Administration. (October 2014). Electronic cigarette fires and explosions. Retrieved from https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/electronic_cigarettes.pdf
  2. Joseph G. Allen, et al. Flavoring Chemicals in E-Cigarettes: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Acetoin in a Sample of 51 Products, Including Fruit-, Candy-, and Cocktail-Flavored E-Cigarettes. Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1510185
  3. Sara Randazzo. July 3, 2016 E-Cigarette Users Sue Over Exploding Devices. The Wall Street Journal
  4. Tony Kovaleski, et al. Feb 8, 2017. Colorado sees alarming spike in e-cigarette explosions. Denver 7
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (December 19, 2016). CDC – Flavorings-related lung disease – NIOSH workplace safety and health topic. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/flavorings/
  6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Vaporizers, E-Cigarettes, and other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Accessed February 2017
  7. Hailey Branson-Potts, October 1, 2015. Woman burned by exploding e-cigarette battery awarded $1.9 million. The Los Angeles Times

Eliquis

  1. Burton, Thomas M.; Rockoff, Jonathan D. July 9, 2013. Mix-Ups in Clinical Trial Delayed Drug’s Approval. Wall Street Journal.
  2. Armstrong, D. July 9, 2013. Chinese Trial Misconduct Delayed Bristol-Myers Medicine. Bloomberg
  3. John Fauber, August 02, 2015. Slippery Slope: FDA Reviewer Questions Eliquis Mortality Claim. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, MedPage Today; Coulter Jones.
  4. “Bleeding with dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban. No antidote, and little clinical experience.” Prescrire Int. 2013 Jun;22(139):155-9.
  5. United States District Court – Eastern District of Louisiana. MDL – 2592 Xarelto Products Liability Litigation. (Accessed December 2016)
  6. United States District Court – Southern District of New York. Case Number 1:15-cv-04620-JSR. (Accessed November 2016)
  7. United States District Court – Southern District of New York. Case MDL No. 2754. In RE: Eliquis (Apixaban) products liability litigation.
  8. Katie Thomas, May 28, 2014. $650 Million to Settle Blood Thinner Lawsuits. New York Times
  9. Portola Pharmaceuticals News Release. Portola Pharmaceuticals Receives Complete Response Letter from FDA for Biologics License Application for AndexXa™ (andexanet alfa). Retrieved from: http://investors.portola.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=198136&p=irol-newsroomArticle&ID=2196085
  10. 10. Aisenberg J. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Patients Taking Novel Oral Anticoagulants. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2014;10(2):117-119.
  11. Christopher B. Granger, et al. Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:981-992September 15, 2011DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107039
  12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Eliquis (apixaban) Tablets. www.fda.gov (Accessed December 2016)

Essure

  1. “Essure™ System – P020014”. US Food and Drug Administration. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2011-05-21
  2. Regan Morris (June 24, 2014). “Erin Brockovich calls for end to Bayer’s Essure”. BBC News, Los Angeles. (Accessed November 2015)
  3. Walsh V. Bayer. (2013) In the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County. Civil Action Complaint 20-Other Personal Injury. Retrieved from http://www.cbgnetwork.org/downloads/Essure_Charge_Philadelphia.pdf
  4. “Women report complications from Essure birth control”.Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 2, 2014
  5. FDA. (2015). Essure Permanent Birth Control: Review of reported problems. Retrieved on March 2015
  6. De la Paz v. Bayer et al. (2015). In the United States District Court Northern District of California. Complaint for Damages and Demand for Jury Trial. Case3:15-cv-03995-LB.
  7. FDA. (2015). Essure Permanent Birth Control. Update on the status of FDA’s evaluation of the Essure System. Accessed June 2016
  8. FDA. (2015). Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data. Accessed June 2016
  9. Mao Jialin, Pfeifer Samantha, Schlegel Peter, Sedrakyan Art. Safety and efficacy of hysteroscopic sterilization compared with laparoscopic sterilization: an observational cohort study. BMJ 2015; 351 :h5162
  10. Kerin JF, Cooper JM, Price T, Herendael BJ, Cayuela-Font E, Cher D, Carignan CS. Hysteroscopic sterilization using a micro-insert device: results of a multicentre Phase II study. Hum Reprod. 2003 Jun;18(6):1223-30.
  11. Conceptus, Phase II Clinical Study Final Report. Retrieved on January 2016
  12. C. Butticè. “FDA issues Black Box warning for Essure — Lawsuits keep growing“. Digital Journal, March 30, 2016
  13. C. Butticè. “Essure – Safe Birth Control or Dangerous Medical Device?” MedsNews, January 8, 2016
  14. Rob Stein. FDA Revisits Safety Of Essure Contraceptive Device. September 21, 2015. NPR News
  15. Lauren Gilger , Maria Tomasch. Essure birth control: Thousands of women reporting severe medical reactions to Essure. October 24, 2014. ABC 15 Arizona
  16. Tara Haelle. FDA To Take Another Look At Essure Contraceptive Device After Health Complaints. July 14, 2015. NPR News

Hernia Mesh

  1. Vogels, R.K. Barneveld, J. Bosmans, G. Beets, M. Gijbels, M. Schreinemacher, and N. Bouvy, 2015. “Long-term evaluation of adhesion formation adn foreign body response to three new meshes.” Surgical Endoscopy 29, no. 8:2251.
  2. Deeken, Corey R. Ketih M Faucher, and Brent D Matthews. 2012. “A review of the composition, characteristics, and effectiveness of barrier mesh prostheses utilized for laparoscopic ventral hernia repair.” Surgical Endoscopy 26, no. 2: 566-575
  3. Deerenberg, EB, IM Mulder, N Grotenhuis, M Ditzel, J Jeekel, and JF Lange, N.d. “Experimental study on synthetic and biological mesh implantation in a contaminated environment.” British Journal of Surgery 99, no. 12: 1734-1741
  4. Schreinemacher, M. H. F. P. J. Emans, M. J. J. Gijbels, J.-W.M. Greve, Gl.L. Beets, and N.D. Bouvy, 2009. “Degradation of mesh coatings and intraperitoneal adhesion formation in an experimental model.” British Journal of Surgery 96, no. 3:305-313
  5. Product Information. Hifax EPR 60/M Bianco Polypropylene powder used for field-joint applications at ultra high temperatures. Lyondel Basell. Retrieved from: https://www.lyondellbasell.com/globalassets/documents/polymers-technical-literature/hifax-epr-60-m-bianco-polypropylene-powder-used-for-field-joint-applications-at-ultra-high-temperatures.pdf
  6. Bibeka Shrestha. Bard Offers $184M To Settle Hernia Patch Suits. Law360 (Accessed December 2016).
  7. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Hernia Surgical Mesh Implants. www.fda.gov (Accessed December 2016)
  8. In Re: Kugel Mesh Hernia Patch Litigation, MDL Docket No. 1842, No. 07-1842.
  9. Christopher Thorpe v. C.R. Bard, Inc., et al., No. 08-463
  10. Bard – Davol Inc. January 10, 2007. Product Recall Information. Hernia Repair. Retrieved from: http://www.davol.com/clinical-support/product-recall-information/

Hyland’s Teething Tablets

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA warns against the use of homeopathic teething tablets and gels. September 30, 2016. www.fda.gov. (Accessed November 2016)
  2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Issues Consumer Safety Alert. Hyland’s Teething Tablets may pose a risk to children. October 23, 2010. www.fda.gov. (Accessed November 2016)
  3. Jen Christensen, Jamie Gumbrecht, October 13, 2016. Teething tablets may be linked to 10 children’s deaths, FDA says. CNN (Accessed October 2016)
  4. Wendy Sue Swanson, MD. How to Help Teething Symptoms without Medications. American Academy of Pediatrics, Healthychildren.org
  5. Potter, Samuel O.L. (1893). A Handbook of Materia Medica Pharmacy and Therapeutics. London: P. Blakiston’s.
  6. National Institutes of Health (NIH). National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Homeopathy. Retrieved from: https://nccih.nih.gov/health/homeopathy
  7. Hyland’s Homeopathic. Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from: https://www.hylands.com/faq-about-discontinuation-teething-tablets-and-gel
  8. United States District Court – Central District of California. Kim Allen, et al. v. Hyland’s Inc., et al., Case No. 2:12-cv-01150

Invokana

  1. INVOKANA® product information. www.janssen.com (Accessed September 2016)
  2. IMS Health: Total Patient Tracker (TPT). July 2014 through June 2015. Extracted August 2015. File: DATA 2015- Canagliflozin DSC.
  3. Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). Quarterwatch May 6, 2015 — Data from 2014 Quarter 2. (Accessed September 2016)
  4. C. Butticè. Invokana causing kidney failure in patients. September 15, 2015. Meds News. (Accessed September 2016)
  5. Taylor SI, et al. SGLT2 Inhibitors May Predispose to Ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;100(8):2849-52. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-1884. Epub 2015 Jun 18.
  6. Briand F, et al. Empagliflozin, via Switching Metabolism towards Lipid Utilization, Moderately Increases LDL-cholesterol Levels through Reduced LDL Catabolism. Diabetes 2016 Apr; db160049. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db16-0049
  7. Ptaszynska A, et al. Assessing bladder cancer risk in type 2 diabetes clinical trials: the dapagliflozin drug development program as a ‘case study’. Diabetes Ther. 2015 Sep; 6(3): 357-375
  8. Lavalle-González, F. J., et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo and sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin monotherapy: a randomised trial. Diabetologia, 56(12), 2582–2592. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-3039-1
  9. Haas, B, et al. “Efficacy, safety and regulatory status of SGLT2 inhibitors: focus on canagliflozin.” Nutrition & Diabetes 4 (11): e143. doi:10.1038/nutd.2014.40. ISSN 2044-4052
  10. U.S. Food And Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA strengthens kidney warnings for diabetes medicines canagliflozin (Invokana, Invokamet) and dapagliflozin (Farxiga, Xigduo XR). www.fda.gov. (Accessed October 2016)
  11. U.S. Food And Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA revises labels of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes to include warnings about too much acid in the blood and serious urinary tract infections. www.fda.gov. (Accessed August 2016)
  12. U.S. Food And Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication: Interim clinical trial results find increased risk of leg and foot amputations, mostly affecting the toes, with the diabetes medicine canagliflozin (Invokana, Invokamet); FDA to investigate. www.fda.gov. (Accessed September 2016)
  13. U.S. Food And Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA revises label of diabetes drug canagliflozin (Invokana, Invokamet) to include updates on bone fracture risk and new information on decreased bone mineral density. 09-10-2015, www.fda.gov. (Accessed July 2016)
  14. Eva C. and John T. Galambos vs. Ethicon, Inc. et al. United States District Court for the Northern District of Geogia, Atlanta Division (April 7, 2015)
  15. Paula Brazil vs. Janssen Research & Development LLC. et al. United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. (October 29, 2015)
  16. Luana Jean Collie vs. Janssen Research & Development, LLC; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, INC, Johnson & Johnson Co.; and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp. Case 1:15-cv-00636-CB-C Document 1 Filed 12/15/15. United States District Court Southern District of Alabama Southern Division. (Accessed October 2016)

IVC Filters

  1. Sarosiek S, Crowther M, Sloan JM. “Indications, complications, and management of inferior vena cava filters: the experience in 952 patients at an academic hospital with a level I trauma center.” JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Apr 8;173(7):513-7. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.343.
  2. Tim Sandler, Stacey Naggiar, Stephanie Gosk. Did Forged Signature Clear Way for Dangerous Blood-Clot Filter? September 4, 2015. NBC News. (Accessed August 2016)
  3. Durack JC, Westphalen AC, Kekulawela S, Bhanu SB, Avrin DE, Gordon RL, Kerlan RK. Perforation of the IVC: rule rather than exception after longer indwelling times for the Günther Tulip and Celect retrievable filters. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012 Apr;35(2):299-308. doi: 10.1007/s00270-011-0151-9. Epub 2011 Mar 30.
  4. C. Butticè. IVC Filters – a life-threatening medical device. Meds News. October 28, 2015. (Accessed June 2016)
  5. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). “Removing Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters: FDA Safety Communication”. May 6, 2014. www.fda.gov. (Accessed May 2016)
  6. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations. C.R. Bard, Inc. 7/13/15 – Warning Letter. www.fda.gov. (Accessed August 2016)
  7. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). “Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filters: initial Communication: Risk of Adverse Events with Long Term Usage”. August 09, 2010. www.fda.gov. (Accessed July 2016)
  8. The PREPIC Study Group. “Eight-Year Follow-Up of Patients With Permanent Vena Cava Filters in the Prevention of Pulmonary Embolism.” Circulation , ,
  9. United States District Court. Southern District of Indiana. MDL Case Information. MDL No. 2570 IN RE: Cook Medical, Inc., IVC Filters Marketing, Sales Practices and Products Liability Litigation. http://www.insd.uscourts.gov/ (Accessed July 2016)
  10. United States District Court. District of Arizona.I N RE: Bard IVC Filters Products Liability Litigation. http://www.azd.uscourts.gov/ (Accessed August 2016)
  11. Nicholson W, et al. “Prevalence of fracture and fragment embolization of Bard retrievable vena cava filters and clinical implications including cardiac perforation and tamponade.”Arch Intern Med. 2010 Nov 8;170(20):1827-31. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.316.
  12. Tam MD, et al. “Fracture and distant migration of the Bard Recovery filter: a retrospective review of 363 implantations for potentially life-threatening complications.” J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012 Feb;23(2):199-205.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2011.10.017.

Levaquin

  1. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication – FDA advises restricting fluoroquinolone antibiotic use for certain uncomplicated infections; warns about disabling side effects that can occur together. (Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM500591.pdf)
  2. Andersson MI, MacGowan AP (2003). “Development of the quinolones”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 51 (Suppl. S1): 1–11.
  3. Hooper, DC. (Mar–Apr 2001). “Emerging mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance”. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 7 (2): 337–41
  4. U.S. District Court District of Minnesota.(n.d.). Fluoroquinolone MDL | 15-MD-2642
  5. Daneman N, Lu H, Redelmeier DA Fluoroquinolones and collagen associated severe adverse events: a longitudinal cohort study BMJ Open 2015;5:e010077. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010077
  6. Grossman v. Johnson & Johnson et al. (2014, August 6). Complaint for damages and demand for jury trial. United States District Court Northern District Of California San Francisco Division. Case No. 3:14-cv-03557.
  7. Trang Do (2016). Johnson & Johnson, former FDA commissioner among defendants in Levaquin lawsuit. ABC 2 News.
  8. Chien-Chang Lee, et al. Risk of Aortic Dissection and Aortic Aneurysm in Patients Taking Oral Fluoroquinolone. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(11):1839-1847. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.5389
  9. S. T. Bird, M. Etminan, J. M. Brophy, A. G. Hartzema, J. A. C. Delaney. Risk of acute kidney injury associated with the use of fluoroquinolones. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2013
  10. Mahyar Etminan, et al. Oral fluoroquinolone use and risk of peripheral neuropathy. A pharmacoepidemiologic study. Neurology September 30, 2014 vol. 83 no. 14 1261-1263
  11. Grill MF, Maganti RK. Neurotoxic effects associated with antibiotic use: management considerations. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2011;72(3):381-393. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03991.x.

Mirena

  1. Jennifer Couzin-Frankel, (July 15, 2011). Contraceptive Comeback: The Maligned IUD Gets a Second Chance. Wired
  2. Etminan M, Luo H, Gustafson P. Risk of intracranial hypertension with intrauterine levonorgestrel. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2015;6(3):110-113. doi:10.1177/2042098615588084.
  3. Alder JB, Fraunfelder FT, Edwards R. Levonorgestrel implants and intracranial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jun 22;332(25):1720-1
  4. Food and Drug Administration. (2008 July). Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system). Accessed from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/021225s019lbl.pdf
  5. Costescu DJ. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems for long-acting contraception: current perspectives, safety, and patient counseling. International Journal of Women’s Health. 2016;8:589-598. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S99705.
  6. In Re: Mirena IUD Products Liability Litigation. (2016, July 28). Opinion & Order, United States District Court Southern District of New York, MDL No. 2434. Case 7:13-mc-02434-CS-LMS.
  7. Everett-Carey v. Bayer et al. (2017, February 2017). Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial, United States District Court District of New Jersey Newark Division. Case 2:17-cv-00891.

Morcellators

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Immediately in Effect Guidance Document: Product Labeling for Laparoscopic Power Morcellators. www.fda.gov. November 25, 2014.
  2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA allows marketing of first-of-kind tissue containment system for use with certain laparoscopic power morcellators in select patients. April 7, 2016.
  3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA warns against using laparoscopic power morcellators to treat uterine fibroids. www.fda.gov. November 24, 2014.
  4. United States judicial Panel on Multidistrict litigation. In re: Power Morcellator products liability litigation MDL No. 2652
  5. Parker, WH. Uterine myomas: management. Fertil Steril. 2007 Aug;88(2):255-71. Epub 2007 Jul 20
  6. GM Savage, et al. Disposable laparoscopic morcellator – US Patent 6,039,748, 2000
  7. Cohen S, Greenberg JA. Hysteroscopic Morcellation for Treating Intrauterine Pathology. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;4(2):73-80.
  8. Jennifer Levitz. May 27, 2015. Johnson & Johnson Settling Cases Tied to Device That Can Spread Uterine Cancer. The Wall Street Journal. (Accessed October 2016).
  9. Jennifer Levitz. March 18, 2016. FBI Is Investigating Hysterectomy Device Found to Spread Uterine Cancer. The Wall Street Journal. (Accessed September 2016).

Nexium and Prilosec

  1. Nexium – full product information. Wilmington, DE, USA: AstraZeneca, 2016
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  5. Charlene Laino. Are acid reflux drugs overused? CBS News. December 27, 2011
  6. The Family Health Guide. Do PPIs have long-term side effects? Harvard Health Publications – Harvard Medical School. February 1, 2009.
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  8. James W. Freston, Kurt Borch, Stephen J. Brand, et al. Effects of hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinemia on structure and function of gastrointestinal cells. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 1995, Volume 40, Number 2, Page 50S
  9. Jansen JB, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Meuwissen SG, De Bruijne JW, Festen HP, Snel P, Lückers AE, Biemond I, Lamers CB. Effect of long-term treatment with omeprazole on serum gastrin and serum group A and C pepsinogens in patients with reflux esophagitis. 1990 Sep;99(3):621-8.
  10. Tsukamoto H, Mizoshita T, Sasaki M, et al. Long-term high-dose proton pump inhibitor administration to Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils enhances neuroendocrine tumor development in the glandular stomach. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(4):1049-54.
  11. Wang JS, Varro A, Lightdale CJ, Lerkowit N, et al. Elevated serum gastrin is associated with a history of advanced neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105:1039–1045.
  12. McColl KEL. Effect of proton pump inhibitors on vitamins and iron. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:S3–S9.
  13. Ito T, Jensen RT. Association of Long-term Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy with Bone Fractures and effects on Absorption of Calcium, Vitamin B12, Iron, and Magnesium. Current gastroenterology reports. 2010;12(6):448-457. doi:10.1007/s11894-010-0141-0.
  14. Targownik LE, Lix LM, Leung S, Leslie WD. Proton pump inhibitor use is not associated with osteoporosis or accelerated bone mineral density loss. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:896–904
  15. S. Food And Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication: Possible increased risk of fractures of the hip, wrist, and spine with the use of proton pump inhibitors. March 23, 2011. http://www.fda.gov/ (Accessed May 2016)
  16. Merriman NA, Putt ME, Metz DC, Yang YX. Hip fracture risk in patients with a diagnosis of Pernicious Anemia. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1330–1337.
  17. Toh JW, Ong E, Wilson R. Hypomagnesaemia associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. Gastroenterology Report. 2015/08/01 00:00; 3(3)243-253
  18. Butticè. Nutrition for Dummies – How does the body process the food you eat. Meds News. November 27, 2015. (Accessed May 2016)
  19. Larner AJ, Hamilton MIR. Review article: infective complications of therapeutic gastric acid inhibition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994; 8:579–584.
  20. Lombardo L, Foti M, Ruggia O, Chiecchio A. Increased incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during proton pump inhibitor therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Jun;8(6):504-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.12.022. Epub 2010 Jan 6.
  21. M Sandra Dial. Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Enteric Infections. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:S10–S16; doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.46
  22. Leonard J, Marshall JK, Moayyedi P. Systematic review of the risk of enteric infection in patients taking acid suppression. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:2047–2056.
  23. Laheij RF, Sturkenboom MM, Hassing R, Dieleman J, Stricker BC, Jansen JJ. Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Use of Gastric Acid–Suppressive Drugs. JAMA. 2004;292(16):1955-1960. doi:10.1001/jama.292.16.1955.
  24. Benjamin Lazarus, et al. Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(2):. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7193.
  25. Mayo Clinic. Diseases and Conditions – Chronic kidney disease org, Jan. 30, 2015. (Accessed May 2016)
  26. Nimeshan Geevasinga, Lukas Kairaitis, Gopala K Rangan, Patrick L Coleman. Acute interstitial nephritis secondary to esomeprazole. Med J Aust 2005; 182 (5): 235-236.
  27. S. Food And Drug Administration (FDA). Nexium (esomeprazole magnesium) Delayed-Release Capsules, 20 mg and 40 mg; Delayed-Release Oral Suspension, 10 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg. December 2014. http://www.fda.gov/ (Accessed May 2016)
  28. Nigam H. Shah, Paea LePendu e Anna Bauer-Mehren. Proton Pump Inhibitor Usage and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the General Population in PLOS ONE, vol. 10, nº 6, 10 giugno 2015, pp. e0124653, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0124653.
  29. Ghebremariam YT, LePendu P, Lee JC, Erlanson DA, Slaviero A, Shah NH, et al. Unexpected effect of proton pump inhibitors: elevation of the cardiovascular risk factor asymmetric dimethylarginine. Circulation, 2013. 128(8): p. 845–53. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003602. pmid:23825361
  30. Tony Antoniou, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of acute kidney injury in older patients: a population-based cohort study. cmajo April 16, 2015 vol. 3 no. 2 E166-E171 doi: 10.9778/cmajo.20140074
  31. Gomm W, von Holt K, Thomé F, et al. Association of Proton Pump Inhibitors With Risk of Dementia: A Pharmacoepidemiological Claims Data Analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(4):410-416. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4791.
  32. Naunton M, Peterson GM, Bleasel MD. Overuse of proton pump inhibitors. J Clin Pharm Ther 2000;25:333-40.
  33. Ogawa R, Echizen H: Drug–drug interaction profiles of proton pump inhibitors. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 49(8), 509–533 (2010).
  34. The National Institute for Health Care Management Research and Educational Foundation (NIHCM) “Prescription expenditures in 2000: the upward trend continues.” May 2001. (Accessed May 2016)
  35. “Omeprazole”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. (Accessed May 2016)
  36. “Esomeprazole”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. (Accessed May 2016)
  37. “Nexium”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. (Accessed May 2016)
  38. Furuta T, Shirai N, Sugimoto M, Nakamura A, Hishida A, Ishizaki T (Jun 2005). “Influence of CYP2C19 pharmacogenetic polymorphism on proton pump inhibitor-based therapies“. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 20 (3): 153–67. doi:10.2133/dmpk.20.153. PMID 15988117.
  39. Lind et al., Esomeprazole provides improved acid control vs. omeprazole in patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 14.7: 861-67, 2000.
  40. Kahrilas, P. J. et al., Esomeprazole improves healing and symptom resolution as compared with omeprazole in reflux oesophagitis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 14.10: 1249-58, 2000.
  41. Grill, Markus and Hansen, Hans (2007): “Vorsicht, Pharma! Wie die Industrie Ärzte manipuliert und Patienten täuscht.” (‘Caution, Pharma! How the industry manipulates physicians and deceives patients.’) Published in the 16 August 2007 issue of Stern (Germany; pp. 100–107).
  42. Harris, G (2003-08-20). “Heartburn Drug Battle Likely“. The New York Times. (Accessed May 2016)

Onglyza

  1. Onglyza Full Prescribing Information. (Accessed June 2016)
  2. Kombiglyze XR full prescribing information. (Accessed June 2016)
  3. Augeri D; et al. (2005). “Discovery and preclinical profile of Saxagliptin (BMS-477118): a highly potent, long-acting, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 ” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 48 (15): 5025–5037. doi:10.1021/jm050261p. PMID 16033281.
  4. S. Food and Drug Administration. Diabetes Medications Containing Saxagliptin and Alogliptin: Drug Safety Communication – Risk of Heart Failure. April 5, 2016. www.fda.gov (Accessed June 2016)
  5. Benjamin M. Scirica, et al. “Saxagliptin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1317-1326. October 3, 2013. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1307684
  6. Monami M, Dicembrini I, Mannucci E. “Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.” Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014 Jul;24(7):689-97. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.017. Epub 2014 Mar 5.
  7. Clifton P. “Do dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors cause heart failure?” Clin Ther. 2014 Dec 1;36(12):2072-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.10.009. Epub 2014 Nov 13.
  8. Butler AE, Campbell-Thompson M, Gurlo T, Dawson DW, Atkinson M, Butler PC. “Marked Expansion of Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreas With Incretin Therapy in Humans With Increased Exocrine Pancreas Dysplasia and the Potential for Glucagon-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumors.” Diabetes. 2013;62(7):2595-2604. doi:10.2337/db12-1686.
  9. Matveyenko AV, Dry S, Cox HI, et al. Beneficial Endocrine but Adverse Exocrine Effects of Sitagliptin in the Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Transgenic Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Interactions With Metformin. Diabetes. 2009;58(7):1604-1615. doi:10.2337/db09-0058.
  10. Cory Renauer. Diabetes Drug Shakeup: What You Need to Know About New FDA Warnings. April 19, 2016. The Motley Fool.
  11. Robert Hadley Nov. 4, 2015. “Daughter sues AstraZeneca, alleging diabetes drug caused mother’s heart failure”. Cook County Record. (Accessed June 2016).
  12. United States District Court, Southern District of California (November 12, 2013). IN RE: Incretin mimetics products liability litigation. MDL Case No. 13md2452 AJB (MDD). (Accessed June 2016)
  13. United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (August 26, 2013). IN RE: Incretin mimetics products liability litigation. Case MDL No. 2452 Document 71 Filed 08/26/13. (Accessed June 2016)

Opioid Addiction

  1. Dalacorte RR, Rigo JC, Dalacorte A. Pain management in the elderly at the end of life. North American Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011;3(8):348-354. doi:10.4297/najms.2011.3348.
  2. July 18, 2017. Greene County joins opioid lawsuit, Carter County forgoes. News Channell 11.
  3. Robert King. Aug 18, 2017. Opioid maker settles lawsuit with Illinois. Washington Examiner.
  4.  Carrie Ghose. Jan 9, 2017. Cardinal Health to pay West Virginia $20M to settle opiates lawsuit. Columbus Business First
  5. The United States Department of Justice. December 23, 2016. Cardinal Health Agrees to $44 Million Settlement for Alleged Violations of Controlled Substances Act. www.justice.gov
  6. C. Butticè. Opioids in the elderly – an helping hand against pain or a necessary evil? Meds News (Accessed August 2018)
  7. O’Mahony D, Gallagher PF. Inappropriate prescribing in the older population: need for new criteria. Age Ageing 2008;37:138-41.
  8. A. Semuels. June 2, 2017. Are Pharmaceutical Companies to Blame for the Opioid Epidemic? The Atlantic.
  9. Scott Higham, Lenny Bernstein. July 4, 2017. Drugmakers and distributors face barrage of lawsuits over opioid epidemic. The Washington Post

Plavix

  1. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. Medication Guide Plavix® (PLAV-iks) (clopidogrel bisulfate) tablets. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/drugsafety/ucm243349.pdf
  2. Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 147. ISBN 9781284057560.
  3. United States of America, ex rel. Elisa Dickson v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., et al., No. 13-1039, D. N.J.
  4. Hawaii v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. 14-1-0708-03, First Circuit Court, Honolulu, Hawaii
  5. Karen Gullo, March 20, 2014. Bristol-Myers, Sanofi Sued by Hawaii Over Plavix Labeling. Bloomberg
  6. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company v. Superior Court (Anderson), 16 S.O.S. 4412
  7. Diener HC, et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Jul 24-30;364(9431):331-7.
  8. Deepak L. Bhatt, et al. Clopidogrel and Aspirin versus Aspirin Alone for the Prevention of Atherothrombotic Events. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1706-1717April 20, 2006DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa060989
  9. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. Interaction between Esomeprazole/Omeprazole and Clopidogrel Label Change. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/ucm327922.htm
  10. Deepak L. Bhatt, et al. Clopidogrel with or without Omeprazole in Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:1909-1917November 11, 2010DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1007964
  11. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. Department of Health & Human Services. RE: NDA #20-839 PLAVIX® (clopidogrel bisulfate) Tablets MACMIS ID # 6889. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/WarningLettersandNoticeofViolationLetterstoPharmaceuticalCompanies/UCM167844.pdf
  12. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. Department of Health & Human Services. RE: NDA #20-839 PLAVIX® (clopidogrel bisulfate) 75 mg Tablets MACMIS ID # 10107. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/WarningLettersandNoticeofViolationLetterstoPharmaceuticalCompanies/UCM166458.pdf
  13. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. Department of Health & Human Services. RE: NDA #20-839 PLAVIX® (clopidogrel bisulfate) Tablets MACMIS ID # 17325. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/WarningLettersandNoticeofViolationLetterstoPharmaceuticalCompanies/UCM166248.pdf
  14. Backovic D, et al. Clopidogrel High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity in Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis Undergoing Endarterectomy. A Pilot Study. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2016;14(6):563-569.
  15. Fintel DJ. Antiplatelet therapy in cerebrovascular disease: implications of Management of Artherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients and the Clopidogrel for High Artherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance studies’ results for cardiologists. Clin Cardiol. 2007 Dec;30(12):604-14.
  16. The SPS3 Investigators. Effects of Clopidogrel Added to Aspirin in Patients with Recent Lacunar Stroke. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:817-825August 30, 2012DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1204133

Risperdal

  1. U.S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs Information. www.fda.org (Accessed August 2016)
  2. U.S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). RISPERDAL® Full prescribing information. www.fda.org (Accessed August 2016)
  3. U.S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). Alert for Healthcare Professionals: Risperidone (marketed as Risperdal). www.fda.org (Accessed June 2016)
  4. Gilbody SM, Bagnall AM, Duggan L, Tuunainen A. Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD002306.
  5. Maher AR, Theodore G. Summary of the comparative effectiveness review on off-label use of atypical antipsychotics. J Manag Care Pharm. 18 (5 Suppl B): S1–20. PMID 22784311.
  6. Cookson J, Hodgson R, Wildgust HJ. Prolactin, hyperprolactinaemia and antipsychotic treatment: a review and lessons for treatment of early psychosis. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 May;26(5 Suppl):42-51. doi: 10.1177/0269881112442016. Epub 2012 Apr 2.
  7. Holzer L, Eap CB. Risperidone-induced symptomatic hyperprolactinaemia in adolescents. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006 Apr;26(2):167-71.
  8. The United States Department of Justice. Johnson & Johnson to Pay More Than $2.2 Billion to Resolve Criminal and Civil Investigations. www.justice.gov. (Accessed August 2016)
  9. Jef Feeley, Margaret Cronin Fisk. J&J Pushed Risperdal with Golf, Popcorn, Witness Says. Bloomberg, September 27, 2012. www.bloomberg.com. (Accessed July 2016)
  10. Johnson & Johnson. Quarterly Sales & Earnings. www.investor.jnj.com (Accessed June 2016)
  11. Pringsheim T, Doja A, Belanger S, Patten S, The Canadian Alliance for Monitoring Effectiveness and Safety of Antipsychotics in Children (CAMESA) guideline group. Treatment recommendations for extrapyramidal side effects associated with second-generation antipsychotic use in children and youth. Paediatrics & Child Health. 2011;16(9):590-598.
  12. Haupt M, Cruz-Jentoft A, Jeste D. Mortality in elderly dementia patients treated with risperidone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006 Dec;26(6):566-70.
  13. Ed Silverman, September 11, 2012. J&J Sees Male Breasts And Quickly Settles Risperdal Suit. Forbes. (Accessed May 2016)
  14. Pledger v. Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. et al., case number 120401997, in the Court of Common Pleas of the State of Pennsylvania, County of Philadelphia
  15. Jef Feeley, July 1, 2016. J&J Hit With $70 Million Risperdal Verdict Over Male Breasts. Bloomberg (Accessed August 2016)
  16. Steven Brill. America’s most admired lawbreaker. The Huffington Post. (Accessed August 2016)

Roundup

  1. K. Kelland. U.N. experts find weed killer glyphosate unlikely to cause cancer. Reuters, May 16, 2016.
  2. The Alliance for Natural Health USA. Glyphosate Levels in Breakfast Foods: What is safe? April 19, 2016.(Accessed May 2016)
  3. C. Butticè. Is Monsanto’s Roundup Weed Killer Carcinogenic or Not? EPA takes its report offline. The Ring of Fire, May 6, 2016. (Accessed May 2016)
  4. McDuffie H. H., et al. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Specific Pesticide Exposures in Men. Cross-Canada Study of Pesticides and Health. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev November 2001 10; 1155
  5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Joint FAO/WHO meeting on pesticide residues. Geneva, 9–13 May 2016 – Summary Report. World Health Organization (WHO), May 16, 2016. (Accessed May 2016)
  6. Eriksson M, et al. Pesticide exposure as risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma including histopathological subgroup analysis. Int J Cancer. 2008 Oct 1;123(7):1657-63. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23589.
  7. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs Volume 112: evaluation of
    five organophosphate insecticides and herbicides. March 20, 2015. (Accessed May 2016)Krüger M., et al.
  8. Krüger M., et al. Detection of Glyphosate Residues in Animals and Humans. J Environ Anal Toxicol 2014, 4:2 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000210
  9. De Roos AJ, et al. Integrative assessment of multiple pesticides as risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among men. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003;60(9):e11. doi:10.1136/oem.60.9.e11.
  10. WHO (2006) Pesticide residues in food – 2004 Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues. Part II—Toxicological. WHO/PCS/06.1, 2006
  11. Thiel A (2007a) Magnitude of residues of glyphosate and degradates in aspirated grain and processed fractions (starch, grits, flour, refined oil (wet milling) refined oil (dry milling) and meal (dry milling) of a field corn line containing event DP-Ø9814Ø-6 following applications of glyphosate containing herbicides – United States and Canadian locations, Season 2006. DuPont Study Number: DuPont-19836. PHI Study Number: PHI-2006-187. ABC Study Number: 50165-1. Unpublished report.

Talcum Powder

  1. Ness, R. Does talcum exposure cause ovarian cancer? IGCS-0015 Ovarian Cancer. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer: May 2015 – Volume 25 – Issue – p 51
  2. Cramer DW, et al. The Association Between Talc Use and Ovarian Cancer: A Retrospective Case–Control Study in Two US States. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass). 2016;27(3):334-346. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000434.
  3. Gertig, D., et al. “Prospective Study of Talc Use and Ovarian Cancer”. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 92 (3): 249–252. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.3.249.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Ovarian Cancer. www.cdc.gov. (Accessed August 2016).
  5. S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). Ingredients – Talc. www.fda.gov (Accessed July 2016).
  6. C. Butticè. Plaintiff turns down $1.3 million to settle Talcum powder lawsuit. Digital Journal, April 9, 2016 (Accessed May 2016)
  7. C. Butticè. The talcum powder Lawsuit — when cancer has to be included as a side effect. Sunday, July 3, 2016. Meds News. (Accessed September 2016)
  8. American Cancer Society. Talcum Powder and Cancer – What is talcum powder? www.cancer.org (Accessed July 2016)
  9. American Cancer Society. Ovarian Cancer. www.cancer.org (Accessed September 2016)
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  11. Hollinger, MA (1990). “Pulmonary toxicity of inhaled and intravenous talc”. Toxicology letters 52 (2): 121–7; discussion 117–9. doi:10.1016/0378-4274(90)90145-C
  12. Ness, R.B., Cottreau, C. Possible Role of Ovarian Epithelial Inflammation in Ovarian Cancer. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst (1999) 91 (17): 1459-1467. doi: 10.1093/jnci/91.17.1459
  13. Karageorgi S, et al. Perineal use of talcum powder and endometrial cancer risk. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2010;19(5):1269-1275. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1221.
  14. Hobart King. Talc: The Softest Mineral. Geology.com (Accessed July 2016)
  15. A.Y. v. Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., No. 1304-02094 (Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, Pa.)
  16. Fox v. Johnson & Johnson, Cause No. 1422-CC09012-01, Division 10, Missouri Circuit Court, 22nd Judicial District (St. Louis)
  17. Jef Feeley. J&J Hit With $70 Million Risperdal Verdict Over Male Breasts. July 1, 2016. Bloomberg. (Accessed July 2016)
  18. Natasha Singer. Can Johnson & Johnson Get Its Act Together? January 15, 2011. The New York Times. (Accessed May 2016)
  19. Argus Leader, October 5, 2013. South Dakota jury ties talc powder to cancer risk. Rapid City Journal. rapidcityjournal.com (Accessed July 2016)

Taxotere

  1. National Cancer Institute (NHI). FDA Approval for Docetaxel. cancer.gov (Accessed July 2016)
  2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns that cancer drug docetaxel may cause symptoms of alcohol intoxication after treatment. www.fda.gov (Accessed June 2016)
  3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Taxotere (docetaxel) injection concentrate. www.fda.gov (Accessed August 2016)
  4. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Warning Letters 2009. RE: NDA #20-449 Taxotere® (docetaxel) Injection Concentrate, Intravenous Infusion (IV) MACMIS ID #17379. www.fda.gov (Accessed August 2016)
  5. Martin M., et al. Adjuvant docetaxel for high-risk, node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 2;363(23):2200-10. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0910320.
  6. Palamaras, Ioulios et al. Permanent chemotherapy-induced alopecia: A review. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 64, Issue 3, 604 – 606
  7. Araque Arroyo, Patricia; Ubago Perez; Cancela Diez (April 2011). “Controversies in the management of adjuvant breast cancer with taxanes: Review of the current literature“. Cancer Treatment Reviews 37 (2): 105–110. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.06.002. PMID 20655664. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  8. Cardonick E, Bhat A, Gilmandyar D, Somer R (2012). “Maternal and fetal outcomes of taxane chemotherapy in breast and ovarian cancer during pregnancy: case series and review of the literature”. Ann. Oncol. 23 (12): 3016–23. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds170. PMID 22875836
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  10. Scheryll Alken, Catherine M Kelly, Benefit risk assessment and update on the use of docetaxel in the management of breast cancer, “Cancer Management and Research”, 2013:5 357-365
  11. Jerome Espinoza. Sanofi loses appeal over Taxotere patents in US. pmlive.com PMLive, April 11, 2012. (Accessed June 2016)
  12. Kluger N, Jacot W, Frouin E, Rigau V, Poujol S, Dereure O, Guillot B, Romieu G, Bessis D. Permanent scalp alopecia related to breast cancer chemotherapy by sequential fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (FEC) and docetaxel: a prospective study of 20 patients. Ann Oncol. 2012 Nov;23(11):2879-84. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds095. Epub 2012 May 9.
  13. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Prostate cancer (hormone-refractory) — docetaxel: analysis of cost impact London: NICE; September 2006.
  14. Clarke SJ, Rivory LP (February 1999). “Clinical pharmacokinetics of docetaxel”. Clin Pharmacokinet 36 (2): 99–114. doi:10.2165/00003088-199936020-00002. PMID 10092957.
  15. Kimberly J. Free, Plaintiff, v. SanofiI S.A., Aventis Pharma S.A., and Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC, Defendants. Civil Case No. 2:16-cv-74
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  17. Cardonick E, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes of taxane chemotherapy in breast and ovarian cancer during pregnancy: case series and review of the literature. Ann. Oncol. 23 (12): 3016–23. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds170. PMID 22875836
  18. Sibylle Loibl, et al. Treatment of breast cancer during pregnancy: an observational study. The Lancet Oncology. Volume 13, No. 9, p887–896, September 2012.
  19. De Santis M, et al. Metastatic breast cancer in pregnancy: first case of chemotherapy with docetaxel. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2000 Dec;9(4):235-7.
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  21. O. Mir, P. Berveiller, et al. Taxanes for breast cancer during pregnancy: a systematic review. Ann Oncol (2009) 21 (2): 425-426
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Preventing Infections in Cancer Patients. www.cdc.gov (Accessed November 2016)
  23. Béhar A, Pujade-Lauraine E, Maurel A, et al. The pathophysiological mechanism of fluid retention in advanced cancer patients treated with docetaxel, but not receiving corticosteroid comedication. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997;43(6):653-658. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1997.00613.x.
  24. Wall, ME; Wani, MC (1995). “Camptothecin and taxol: Discovery to clinic–thirteenth Bruce F. Cain Memorial Award Lecture”. Cancer Research. 55 (4): 753–60. PMID 7850785
  25. Jones SE, et al. Randomized phase III study of docetaxel compared with paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 20;23(24):5542-51.
  26. Goldstein LJ, O’Neill A, Sparano JA, Perez, et al. Concurrent doxorubicin plus docetaxel is not more effective than concurrent doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in operable breast cancer with 0 to 3 positive axillary nodes: North American Breast Cancer Intergroup Trial E 2197. J Clin Oncol2008;26(25):4092–9.
  27. Harnett A, Smallwood J, Titshall V, Champion AGuideline Development Group. Diagnosis, treatment of early breast cancer, including locally advanced disease – summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2009;338:438
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  30. Sparano JA, Wang M, Martino S, Jones, et al. Weekly paclitaxel in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1663–71
  31. Wei-Xiang Qi, et al. “Paclitaxel-based versus docetaxel-based regimens in metastatic breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,” Current Medical Research and Opinion, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 117–125, 2013
  32. Julie Lemieux, et al. Chemotherapy-induced alopecia and effects on quality of life among women with breast cancer: a literature review. Psycho-Oncology 17: 317–328 (2008)
  33. Cigler T, Isseroff D, Fiederlein B, et al. Efficacy of Scalp Cooling in Preventing Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Docetaxel and Cyclophosphamide Chemotherapy. Clin Breast Cancer. 2015; 15(5):332-4
  34. Miteva M, et al. Permanent alopecia after systemic chemotherapy: a clinicopathological study of 10 cases. Am J Dermatopathol. 2011 Jun;33(4):345-50. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181fcfc25.
  35. Ishida K, Ishida J, Kiyoko K. Psychosocial reaction patterns to alopecia in female patients with gynecological cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015; 16(3):1225-33
  36. Rashid RM; Thomas V. Androgenic pattern presentation of scarring and inflammatory alopecia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010; 24(8):979-80 (ISSN: 1468-3083)
  37. Hunt N, McHale S. The psychological impact of alopecia. BMJ : British Medical Journal. 2005;331(7522):951-953.

Testosterone

  1. Xu L, Freeman G, et al. Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular events among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. BMC Med, 11, 108.
  2. Cameron Langford (January 28, 2015). Solvay Pharma Must Face Bribery Claims. Courthouse News Service.
  3. John Fauber, Aug. 08, 2009. UW tied to male hormone marketing. Milwaukee – Wisconsin Journal Sentinel.
  4. Bradley Layton, et al. Testosterone Lab Testing and Initiation in the United Kingdom and the United States, 2000 to 2011. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2014 99:3, 835-842
  5. Baillargeon J, Urban RJ, Ottenbacher KJ, Pierson KS, Goodwin JS. Trends in Androgen Prescribing in the United States, 2001 to 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(15):1465-1466. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6895
  6. United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation. AndroGel Products Liability Litigation MDL No. 2545
  7. Isidori AM, et al. Effects of Testosterone on Body Composition, Bone Metabolism and Serum Lipid Profile in Middle-aged Men: A Meta-analysis. Clinical Endocrinology 2005;63:280–93. PMID:16117815.
  8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). “FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA cautions about using testosterone products for low testosterone due to aging; requires labeling change to inform of possible increased risk of heart attack and stroke with use.” www.fda.gov (Accessed December 2016)
  9. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). “FDA approved Drug Products – Search Results for ‘testosterone’” www.fda.gov (Accessed November 2016)
  10. Mooradian AD, Morley JE, Korenman SG (Feb 1987). Biological actions of androgens. Endocrine Reviews 8 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1210/edrv-8-1-1. PMID 3549275.
  11. Vigen R, et al. Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels. JAMA 2013;310:1829-36.
  12. Endocrine Society. Endocrine Society Tells FDA Testosterone Therapy Should Only Be for Men with Hypogonadism. endocrine.org. (Accessed September 2016)
  13. Basaria S, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. The New England Journal of Medicine 363 (2): 109–22.
  14. Endocrine Society. Testosterone Therapy in Adult Men with Androgen Deficiency Syndromes. 2013 Compendium of Clinical Practice Guidelines, ISBN: 978-1-936704-13-2, pp. 504–531, DOI:10.1210/ccpg.9781936704668.ch17
  15. Liu PY, Swerdloff RS, Veldhuis JD. Clinical Review 171: The Rationale, Efficacy and Safety of Androgen Therapy in Older Men: Future Research and Current Practice Recommendations. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004; 89:4789–96. PMID: 15472164.
  16. Bassil N, er al. The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 5 (3): 427–48. PMC 2701485. PMID 19707253

Transvaginal Mesh

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Urogynecologic Surgical Mesh Implants. www.fda.gov (Accessed September 2016)
  2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). UPDATE on Serious Complications Associated with Transvaginal Placement of Surgical Mesh for Pelvic Organ Prolapse: FDA Safety Communication. www.fda.gov (Accessed August 2016)
  3. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 85: Pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 110 (3): 717–29. Sept 2007. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000263925.97887.72
  4. Rovner ES, Wein AJ. Treatment Options for Stress Urinary Incontinence. Reviews in Urology. 2004;6 (Suppl 3):S29-S47.
  5. Abbott S, et al. Evaluation and management of complications from synthetic mesh after pelvic reconstructive surgery: A multicenter study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2014;210:163.e1.
  6. Gutman RE, Nosti PA, Sokol AI, Sokol ER, Peterson JL, Wang H, Iglesia CB. Three-year outcomes of vaginal mesh for prolapse: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Oct;122(4):770-7. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a49dac.
  7. Robert Weisman. Grand jury convened in probe of Boston Scientific. April 13, 2016, Boston Globe.
  8. Joe Carlson. Boston Scientific hit with $73.5 million jury verdict in mesh case. September 10, 2014, Star Tribune.
  9. United States District Court Southern District of West Virginia. MDL 2187 C. R. Bard, Inc., Pelvic Repair System Products Liability Litigation. www.wvsd.uscourts.gov
  10. United States District Court Southern District of West Virginia. MDL 2327 Ethicon, Inc., Pelvic Repair System Products Liability Litigation. www.wvsd.uscourts.gov
  11. United States District Court Southern District of West Virginia. MDL 2326 Boston Scientific Corp., Pelvic Repair System Products Liability Litigation. www.wvsd.uscourts.gov
  12. United States District Court Southern District of West Virginia. MDL 2325 American Medical Systems, Inc., Pelvic Repair System Products Liability Litigation. www.wvsd.uscourts.gov

Viberzi

  1. Pubchem Open Chemistry Database. Compound Summary for CID 11250029 – Eluxadoline. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=11250029, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11250029 (accessed Sept. 28, 2017).
  2. Levio S, Cash BD. The place of eluxadoline in the management of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology. 2017;10(9):715-725. doi:10.1177/1756283X17721152.
  3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). “FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about increased risk of serious pancreatitis with irritable bowel drug Viberzi (eluxadoline) in patients without a gallbladder“. (Accessed September 2017)

Xarelto

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). “MEDICATION GUIDE XARELTO® (zah-REL-toe) (rivaroxaban) tablets” Reference ID: 3688029. (Accessed August 2016).
  2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). “Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). (2011)” (Accessed March 2016)
  3. Hanley JP, “Warfarin reversal” J Clin Pathol. 2004 Nov; 57(11): 1132–1139.
  4. Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) “ISMP List of High-Alert Medications in Acute Care Settings” (Accessed August 2016)
  5. Davidson, B. L., et al. “Bleeding Risk of Patients With Acute Venous Thromboembolism Taking Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs or Aspirin.” JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(6):947-953. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.946.
  6. Bleeding with dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban. No antidote, and little clinical experience.” Prescrire Int. 2013 Jun;22(139):155-9.
  7. Patel MR, et al; “Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.” N Engl J Med. 2011;365(10):883-891.
  8. Budnitz DS, et al. “Emergency Hospitalizations for Adverse Drug Events in Older Americans” N Engl J Med 2011; 365:2002-2012 November 24, 2011
  9. Baglin TP, Keeling DM, Watson HG; British Committee for Standards in Haematology “Guidelines on oral anticoagulation (warfarin): third edition–2005 update”. Br J Haematol. 2006 Feb;132(3):277-85.
  10. Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) “QuarterWatch Monitoring FDA MedWatch Reports – Why Reports of Serious Adverse Drug Events Continue to Grow – October 3, 2012 – Data from 2012 Quarter 1” (Accessed July 2016)
  11. Raunsø J, et al. “Increased short-term risk of thrombo-embolism or death after interruption of warfarin treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation”. Eur Heart J. 2012 Aug;33(15):1886-92.
  12. Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) “QuarterWatch Monitoring FDA MedWatch Reports – Anticoagulants the Leading Reported Drug Risk in 2011 – May 31, 2012 – New Data from 2011 Quarters 3 – 4” (Accessed June 2015)
  13. Hsien-Yen Chang, Meijia Zhou, Wenze Tang, G Caleb Alexander, Sonal Singh: “Risk of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with oral anticoagulants: population based retrospective cohort study” BMJ 2015;350:h1585
  14. Frank Siebelt, Jonathan Gould, William Hardy: “Bayer faces lawsuits in United States over Xarelto: paper” Reuters website, June 14, 2014. (Accessed January 2016)
  15. Paul Harper, Laura Young, Eileen Merriman: “Bleeding Risk with Dabigatran in the Frail Elderly” N Engl J Med 2012; 366:864-866
  16. Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) “QuarterWatch Monitoring FDA MedWatch Reports – Anticoagulants the Leading Reported Drug Risk in 2011 – May 31, 2012 – New Data from 2011 Quarters 3 – 4” (Accessed June 2015)
  17. Simon S. Jameson et al. “Wound Complications Following Rivaroxaban Administration. A Multicenter Comparison with Low-Molecular -Weight Heparins for Thromboprophylaxis in Lower Limb Arthroplasty.”J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2012 Sep 05; 94 (17): 1554 -1558.http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.K.00521
  18. FDA News Release. FDA approves Praxbind, the first reversal agent for the anticoagulant Pradaxa. October 16, 2015.
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  20. University of California San Francisco – Reversal Strategies for Novel Oral Anticoagulants. USCF Guidelines. Accessed January 2016.
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  22. Ansell JE, Bakhru SH, Laulicht BE, et al. Use of PER977 to reverse the anticoagulant effect of edoxaban. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2141-214
  23. Xi, Guohua, et al. “Role of blood clot formation on early edema development after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.” Stroke 29.12 (1998): 2580-2586.
  24. White, Richard H. “The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism.” Circulation 107.23 suppl 1 (2003): I-4.
  25. Patel, Manesh R., et al. “Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.” New England Journal of Medicine 365.10 (2011): 883-891.
  26. Holster IL, Valkhoff VE, Kuipers EJ, et al. New oral anticoagulants increase risk for gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2013;145:105-12
  27. Jameson SS et al, “Wound Complications Following Rivaroxaban Administration,” Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, Vol. 94:1554-8, Sept. 5, 2012
  28. Wasserlauf G, Grandi SM, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. Meta-analysis of rivaroxaban and bleeding risk. Am J Cardiol. 2013 Aug 1;112(3):454-60. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.03.054. Epub 2013 May 1.
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Xolair

  1. Xolair full prescribing information. (Accessed June 2016)
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Zofran

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  7. Elkomy, M. H.; Sultan, P.; Carvalho, B.; Peltz, G.; Wu, M.; Clavijo, C.; Galinkin, J. L.; Drover, D. R. (2015-02-01). “Ondansetron pharmacokinetics in pregnant women and neonates: towards a new treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome”. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 97 (2): 167–176. doi:10.1002/cpt.5. ISSN 1532-6535. PMC 4325425. PMID 25670522.
  8. Siu, Shing-Shun N.; Chan, Matthew T. V.; Lau, Tze-Kin (2006-01-01). “Placental transfer of ondansetron during early human pregnancy”. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 45 (4): 419–423. doi:10.2165/00003088-200645040-00006. ISSN 0312-5963. PMID 16584287.
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  12. Anderka, Marlene; Mitchell, Allen A.; Louik, Carol; Werler, Martha M.; Hernández-Diaz, Sonia; Rasmussen, Sonja A. (2012-01-01). “Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects”. Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology 94 (1): 22–30. doi:10.1002/bdra.22865. ISSN 1542-0760. PMC 3299087. PMID 22102545.
  13. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). “Potential Signals of Serious Risks/New Safety Information Identified by the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) between January– March 2013.” fda.gov. (Accessed November 2015)
  14. Turkel, S.B., Nadala, J.G., and Wincor, M.Z. “Possible serotonin syndrome in association with 5-HT(3) antagonist agents”. Psychosomatics. 2001; 42: 258–260
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  25. Teixeira C, Figueiredo B, Conde A, Pacheco A, Costa R. “Anxiety and depression during pregnancy in women and men.” J Affect Disord. 2009 Dec; 119(1-3):142-8.
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  27. Freedman SB, Uleryk E, Rumantir M, Finkelstein Y. Ondansetron and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias: a systematic review and postmarketing analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 Jul;64(1):19-25.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.026. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
  28. Goodwin, TM (September 2008). “Hyperemesis gravidarum.”. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America 35 (3): 401–17, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2008.04.002. PMID 18760227.
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  30. Jesse McLean, et al. “Birth defects blamed on unapproved morning sickness treatment “The Star. (Accessed August 2016)
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Zostavax Shingles Vaccine

  1. Centeres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vaccines and Preventable Diseases – Shingles. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/shingles/public/index.html
  2. Investors.merck.com. Official press release. Merck Announces Fourth-Quarter and Full-Year 2016 Financial Results. Retrieved from: http://investors.merck.com/news/press-release-details/2017/Merck-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2016-Financial-Results/default.aspx
  3. “Shingles vaccine may pose eye risk in some people” Charlotte Libov, January 21, 2016, NewsMax, newsmax.com
  4. University of Missouri-Columbia. “Chickenpox, shingles vaccine may cause corneal inflammation in some patients: Primary care physicians should be aware of possible vision side effect for susceptible patients.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 20 January 2016.
  5. National Vaccine Information Center. Herpes Zoster (Shingles) & Shingles Vaccine. Retrieved from: http://www.nvic.org/vaccines-and-diseases/Shingles.aspx
  6. Gergana Koleva. June 27, 2012. Merck Whistleblower Suit A Boon to Vaccine Foes Even As It Stresses Importance of Vaccines. Forbes.

Other articles and additional info

  1. Woodcock J, Behrman RE, Dal Pan G. Role of postmarketing surveillance in contemporary medicine. Annu Rev Med. 2011;62:1-10.
  2. Robert R. Campbell, et al. (2008). Proactive Postmarketing Surveillance: Overview and Lessons Learned from Medication Safety Research in the Veterans Health Administration. Canadian Pharmacists Journal.
  3. Carpenter D, Ting MM. Essay: The political logic of regulatory error. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4: 819-823.
  4. Paul Seligman (July 9, 2008). FDA’s Role in Identifying and Communicating Drug Safety Issues. Statement before
    the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
  5. Talbot JCC, Nilsson BS. Pharmacovigilance in the pharmaceutical industry. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998;45(5):427-431. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00713.x.
  6. FDA Consumer Health Information (November 2012). A Guide to Drug Safety Terms at FDA. The U.S. Food And Drug Administration (FDA).
  7. American Psychiatric Association (2004) “APA Responds to FDA’s New Warning on Antidepressants,” press release, October 15, 2004, available at www.psych.org/news_room/press_releases/04-55apaonfdablackboxwarning.pdf
  8. The U.S. Food And Drug Administration (FDA). Recalls, Market Withdrawals, & Safety Alerts – Background and Definitions. www.fda.gov (Accessed November 2016)
  9. John E. Calfee, May 5, 2005. The Roles of FDA and Pharmaceutical Companies in Ensuring the Safety of Approved Drugs, Like Vioxx. The American Enterprise Institute (AEI). www.aei.org
  10. The United States Department of Justice (DOJ). January 9, 2015. Daiichi Sankyo Inc. Agrees to Pay $39 Million to Settle Kickback Allegations Under the False Claims Act. www.justice.gov (Accessed November 2016)
  11. The United States Department of Justice (DOJ). November 4, 2013. Johnson & Johnson to Pay More Than $2.2 Billion to Resolve Criminal and Civil Investigations. www.justice.gov (Accessed October 2016)
  12. Martin A Makary, Michael Daniel. Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ 2016;353:i2139
  13. Doctor behind biggest Hep C outbreak ever guilty of MURDER after patient died at his clinic where staff reused needles. July 2, 2013. DailyMail.
  14. Bal BS. An Introduction to Medical Malpractice in the United States. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2009;467(2):339-347. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0636-2.
  15. Gagnon M-A, Lexchin J. The Cost of Pushing Pills: A New Estimate of Pharmaceutical Promotion Expenditures in the United States. PLoS Medicine. 2008;5(1):e1. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050001.
  16. Eric G. Campbell, et al. A National Survey of Physician–Industry Relationships. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1742-1750. April 26, 2007. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa064508
  17. 42 U.S. Code § 1320a–7b – Criminal penalties for acts involving Federal health care programs
  18. Yeh JS, Franklin JM, Avorn J, Landon J, Kesselheim AS. Association of Industry Payments to Physicians With the Prescribing of Brand-name Statins in Massachusetts. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(6):763-768. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1709
  19. The United States Department of Justice Website. False Claims Amendments Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-562). www.justice.gov (Accessed May 2017)
  20. The United States Department of Justice. Thursday, December 3, 2015. Justice Department Recovers Over $3.5 Billion From False Claims Act Cases in Fiscal Year 2015. www.justice.gov
  21. The United States Department of Justice. Monday, May 7, 2012. Abbott Labs to Pay $1.5 Billion to Resolve Criminal & Civil Investigations of Off-label Promotion of Depakote. www.justice.gov
  22. The United States Department of Justice.Tuesday, March 11, 2014. Pharmaceutical Company To Pay $27.6 Million To Settle Claims Of False Billings To Federal And State Health Care Programs. www.justice.gov
  23. Associated Press March 30, 2005. Company News; PharMerica to pay &6 Million to settle kickback case. The New York Times.
  24. David Jackson and Gary Marx. February 26, 2010. East Coast nursing home chains settle kickback allegations. Agreement calls for $14 million paid to federal government. The Chicago Tribune.
  25. Gardiner Harris, March 1, 2016. Waste in Cancer Drugs Costs $3 Billion a Year, a Study Says. The New York Times.

Last Updated: August 10, 2017